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In a very broad sense, behavioral science has identified the fountainhead of human anxiety. Theories and evidence agree that anxiety is an inevitable by-product of the process by which a person learns to become a member of a society. Every culture, no matter how underdeveloped or primitive it may be, imposes restrictions on the behavior of its members; without such limitations it could not hope to survive as an institution. No society tolerates indiscriminate and immediate gratification of the needs, desires, and impulses of its members. The human being is born with a limitless flexibility to adopt any set of values, to conform to any dictated patterns of behavior. He must learn not only to control impulses but also to discern the channels through which his society permits him to express impulses. The fact that the human being can experience fear permits this learning to take place. In the process, anxiety arises. All basic anxiety is thus what Whiting and Child (1953) call "socialization anxiety".
There seems to be an optimum amount of fear for good performance—too little and we risk being careless, too much and we may become clumsy or paralyzed through fear
Youngsters are usually nervous when first at school, though they adapt readily within a few hours. School phobia or refusal is uncommon, but it can be a serious problem. Unlike truancy, it is not associated with other delinquent behavior, absence of parents, or inconsistent discipline at home. It occurs especially at times when children change schools, for example, at age eleven to twelve in the United States and Britain.
In a very large number of cases and situations, it was evident that the cause of anxiety, often the dominant and even determining factor, was nothing but insecurity. One may then ask whether it is necessary to look further for the origin or genesis of the anxiety? Every analyst and student of Freud faces this question because it was Freud who was the first to attempt a heuristic investigation of this nature.
The idea that anxiety is not a unitary phenomenon is not new. Many clinicians and theorists contend, for instance, that fear ought to be distinguished from anxiety.
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